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radium
Columbia Encyclopedia entry: radium
Radiumrā'dēəm [Lat. radius=ray], radioactive metallic chemical element; symbol Ra; at. no. 88; at. wt. 226.0254; m.p. 700°C; b.p. 1,140°C; sp. gr. about 6.0; valence +2. Radium is a lustrous white radioactive metal. It is an alkaline-earth metal; in its chemical properties it closely resembles barium, the element above it in Group 2 of the periodic table. When it is exposed to air, a black coating of nitride rapidly forms. It combines directly with water to form the hydroxide. It reacts with acids to form the commercially important chloride and bromide. The most important property of radium and its compounds is their radioactivity; radiotherapy is used in medicine in the treatment of cancer. Mixed with a phosphor such as zinc sulfide, radium compounds are used in luminous paints. Radium is also used as a neutron source (mixed with beryllium) and as a gamma-ray source. Sixteen isotopes of radium are known, but only radium-226 (half-life 1,620 years), the most stable of the isotopes, is used commercially. It is a product in the radioactive decay series of uranium-238; it is immediately preceded in this series by thorium-230 and followed by radon-222 (a gas formerly called radium emanation). In its radioactive decay radium emits alpha, beta, and gamma rays and also produces heat (about 1,000 calories per gram per year). The curie is a unit of radioactivity defined as that amount of any radioactive substance that has the same disintegration rate as 1 gram of radium-226, i.e., 3.7×1010 disintegrations per sec. Radium decreases in radioactivity about 1% in 25 years. Radium is a rare metal. Its compounds are found in uranium ores; there is usually about 1 part of radium to 3 million parts of uranium in these ores. Although some radium is obtained from carnotite from Colorado, the chief sources are carnotite from Congo (Kinshasa) and pitchblende from W Canada. Radium is present in all uranium minerals and is widely distributed in small amounts. Radium is usually obtained (with barium impurities) in residues from the production of uranium. It is recovered as the bromide by an involved chemical process. The small amount of the element present in any ore and the difficulty of extraction make it expensive. Other radioisotopes (e.g., cobalt-60) are often used in its place when they are less expensive, more powerful, or safer to use. Radium is a dangerous material; prolonged exposure to even small amounts may cause cancer, anemia, or other disorders. Radium was discovered in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie in pitchblende given them by Austria after the uranium salts had been removed for use in glass manufacture. They had earlier found polonium in a similar sample. Metallic radium was isolated by electrolysis in 1910 by Marie Curie and André Debierne; they first formed a mercury-radium amalgam by electrolysis and then removed the mercury by distillation.
Wikipedia search results for: Radium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Radium is a radioactive chemical element which has the symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Its appearance is almost pure white, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, turning black. Radium is an alkaline earth metal that is found in trace amounts in uranium ores. Its most stable isotope,, has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. The heaviest of the alkaline earth metals, radium is intensely radioactive and resembles barium in its chemical behavior. This metal is found in tiny quantities in the uranium ore pitchblende, and various other uranium minerals. Radium preparations are remarkable for maintaining themselves at a higher...more »
Columbia Encyclopedia search results: radium
Results 1 - 10  of 34
  • Port Radium

    Port Radium, mining village, N central Northwest Territories, Canada, on Great Bear Lake. The mines were discovered in 1930 and yielded deposits of pitchblende, from which much radium was prod...

  • Periodic Table of the Elements: Radium

    Periodic Table of the Elements: RadiumAtomic Number:88Atomic Symbol:RaRadiumAtomic Weight:226.0254ElectronConfiguration:2 · 8 · 1832 · 188 · 2

  • Ra, chemical symbol

    Ra, symbol for the element radium.

  • Curie

    Curie, family of French scientists. Pierre Curie, 1859–1906, scientist, and his wife, Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867–1934, chemist and physicist, b. Warsaw, are known for their work on radioacti...

  • Canonsburg

    Canonsburg, borough (1990 pop. 9,200), Washington co., SW Pa., inc. 1802. Its steel and coal industries have declined significantly. A gram of radium produced there was presented to Marie Curi...

  • Duane, William, American physicist

    Duane, William, 1872–1935, American physicist, b. Philadelphia, grad. Harvard, 1893, Ph.D. Univ. of Berlin, 1897. He taught at the Univ. of Colorado (1898–1907), worked at the Curie radium lab...

  • Jamnagar

    Jamnagar, city (1991 pop. 381,646), Gujarat state, W central India. A port on the Gulf of Kachchh, which is an arm of the Arabian Sea, Jamnagar has naval and aeronautical schools. It is a tran...

  • Joliot-Curie

    Joliot-Curie, French scientists who were husband and wife. Frédéric Joliot-Curie, 1900–1958, formerly Frédéric Joliot, and Irène Joliot-Curie, 1897–1956, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie, we...

  • pitchblende

    Pitchblende, dark, lustrous, heavy mineral, a source of radium and uranium. Largely natural uranium oxides, triuranium octaoxide (U3O8) and uranium dioxide (UO2), it usually contains some lead...

  • Luria, Salvador Edward

    Luria, Salvador Edward, 1912–1991, American physician, b. Turin, Italy, M.D., Univ. of Turin, 1935. He conducted research and taught at the Institute of Radium in Paris (1938–40), Columbia (19...

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