Julian the Apostate (Flavius Claudius Julianus), 331?–363, Roman emperor (361–63), nephew of Constantine I; successor of Constantius II. He was given an education that combined Christian and N...

Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus), d. after 260, Roman emperor (253–60). He held important posts, both civil and military, under the emperors Decius and Gallus. After the short reign of t...

Jungle fowl, common name for small, terrestrial wild fowl comprising four species in the genus Gallus. Most important of these is the red jungle fowl, which Charles Darwin determined to be the...

Polish literature, the literary works of Poland. The early literature of Poland was written in Latin: its chief figures included the historians Martin Gallus (12th cent.) and Jan Dlugosz (1415...

Cornelius, Saint, d. 253, pope (251–253); successor of St. Fabian. His rule was marked by the support of St. Cyprian and the opposition of the antipope Novatian, and by the problem of readmitt...

Decius (Caius Messius Quintus Decius), 201–51, Roman emperor (249–51), b. Pannonia. He was sent by Philip (Philip the Arabian) to quell a mutiny, but when the soldiers hailed him as emperor, h...

Rulers of the Roman Empire(including dates of reign)Augustus, grandnephew of Julius Caesar, 27 B.C.–A.D. 14Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, A.D. 14–A.D. 37Caligula, grandnephew of Tiberius, 37–4...